What indeed can be tested with an instrumental variable?

What Counterfactuals Can Be Tested

Counterfactual statements, e.g., ”my headache would be gone had I taken an aspirin” are central to scientific discourse, and are formally interpreted as statements derived from ”alternative worlds”. However, since they invoke hypothetical states of affairs, often incompatible with what is actually known or observed, testing counterfactuals is fraught with conceptual and practical difficulties. ...

can esp be tested by egp?

background: there are two main methods employed for the evaluation of the reading comprehension ability of students of esp; one using specialized english texts, and the other with general english texts. purpose: to determine whether or not there is a correlation between the two methods.     methods: in the regular         competency for academic purposes.

Can Instrumental Value Be Intrinsic? †

In this paper, I critique a common claim that instrumental value is a form of extrinsic value. Instead, I offer an alternative dispositional analysis of instrumental value, which holds that instrumental value can, in certain circumstances, be an example of intrinsic value. It follows, then, that a popular account of the nature of final value—or value as an end—is false: the Moorean identificati...

Unidirectional Channel Systems Can Be Tested

" Unidirectional channel systems " (Chambart & Schnoebelen, CONCUR 2008) are systems where one-way communication from a sender to a receiver goes via one reliable and one unreliable (unbounded fifo) channel. Equipping these systems with the possibility of testing regular properties on the contents of channels makes verification undecidable. Decidability is preserved when only emptiness and none...

What do instrumental variable models deliver with discrete dependent variables?